These developmental domains are important individually, and they are also interdependent. The items included in the ELOM 4&5 tool assess the abilities and knowledge that are important for children as they transition into Grade R and the skills known to be associated with academic achievement in the Foundation Phase (Grades 1, 2 and 3).

Gross Motor Development is particularly important in the transition to Grade R. Motor development has also been found to have a social and emotional benefit in the primary phase of schooling as motor competence facilitates peer engagement through participation in games, and is associated with emotional well-being as well as with academic achievement

Fine motor skills and visual-motor integration are important for coordinating the use of the hands and the eyes. These skills help children, for example, to copy shapes and learn to form letters correctly. Visual-motor integration skills in five-year olds also make a specific contribution to early mathematics, most likely because they influence the child’s ability to manipulate objects

Early mathematics skills are strongly predictive of later school success. Good math foundations, such as counting and being able to identify numbers and patterns, are essential for a deeper understanding of more complex mathematical concepts and problem-solving.

Executive function skills help children hold information or instructions in mind during classroom activities, focus on task-relevant stimuli during problem-solving tasks, and resist distraction. Having good CEF skills means that children are able to engage and participate more in classroom activities which leads to better learning outcomes. CEF skills are also associated with mathematics skills in 5-6-year-old children

Emergent Literacy and Language skills are important for communicating effectively. Being able to understand what is being said and read by a teacher and being able to communicate effectively through speech and writing are all essential for school success. Those children who have the opportunity and support to start reading early have a clear advantage as early reading ability is the most powerful predictor of reading ability in middle childhood. Early language abilities will affect a child’s understanding of the instructions that must be followed when they are given any task, influencing their learning in other areas such as early math.

Stunting is a chronic (long-term) condition that is a reflection of the overall poor health status of the child and usually results from chronic malnutrition. Growth stunting is known to compromise neurological and cognitive development with significant loss of an individual’s potential. The effects of early stunting depend on the child’s age and the duration of deprivation but can persist throughout childhood and adolescence, compromising the child’s ability to learn in school and eventually impacting their life opportunities.

Social and emotional wellbeing is important for school readiness and overall performance in primary school. Children with better social and emotional functioning tend to transition more successfully into the school environment, and these skills influence the child’s ability to play and work with their peers in a group setting, to ask for information or help from a teacher, to complete tasks independently, and to handle change.

Social and emotional wellbeing is important for school readiness and overall performance in primary school. Children with better social and emotional functioning tend to transition more successfully into the school environment, and these skills influence the child’s ability to play and work with their peers in a group setting, to ask for information or help from a teacher, to complete tasks independently, and to handle change.